ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Few food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) have been validated for pregnant women, particularly those in small- and medium-sized cities in different regions of Brazil. OBJECTIVES: To validate and calibrate a semiquantitative FFQ for pregnant women. DESIGN AND SETTING: The study was validated with a sample of 50 pregnant women (≥ 18 years) enrolled in Brazilian prenatal services. METHODS: An FFQ and a 24-hour recall were used to evaluate dietary intake. Dietary variables were tested for normality and log-converted when asymmetrical. Pearson's Correlation Coefficient was used to validate the questionnaire. Linear regression was applied to extract calibration factors. All variables underlying the consumption analysis were adjusted for energy. RESULTS: The mean age of the pregnant women was 26 years ± 6.2 years; 58% were in their first trimester, and 30% were identified as overweight/obese. The Pearson correlation analysis results indicated that the FFQ overestimated energy and nutrient intake, whose coefficients ranged from −0.15 (monounsaturated fat) to 0.50 (carbohydrate). Adjusting for energy reduced the mean values of intake coefficients, which now ranged from −0.33 (sodium) to 0.96 (folate). The calibration analysis results indicated variation in the coefficients from −0.23 (sodium) to 1.00 (folate). Calibration produced satisfactory coefficients for the FFQ compared with the reference standard for energy, macronutrients, monounsaturated fat, cholesterol, vitamins B12/C, folate, sodium, iron, and calcium. CONCLUSIONS: After validating and calibrating tests, we observed that the FFQ was adequately accurate for assessing the food consumption of the pregnant women in this study.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: There are few studies on the influence of a cash transfer program on nutritional outcomes from pregnancy. OBJECTIVES: To analyze how a Brazilian conditional cash transfer program (Bolsa Familia Program, BFP) was associated with changes in body mass index (BMI) and food consumption among pregnant women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort study on 250 pregnant women (≥ 18 years of age) in Brazilian prenatal services. METHODS: A food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate dietary intake. Weight was measured in each gestational trimester. Generalized estimation equations and structural equation modeling were used for statistical analyses. Correlations were analyzed using standardized coefficients (SCs). RESULTS: Women benefitting from the BFP were of greater age and had lower education. The BFP exerted a direct negative effect on the pregnant women’s consumption choices regarding refined grains, regional foods, vegetable oil, sausages, salted meats and snacks (SC = -0.10) and on maternal BMI (SC = -0.12). Among the intermediate variables, we observed that the time elapsed since pregnancy and the month of prenatal onset had direct negative effects; and that the number of visits to doctors, family income and number of years of education had direct positive effects. CONCLUSIONS: Beneficiaries were less likely to increase their BMI outside of the recommended standards and had a greater tendency to receive prenatal care. Participation in the BFP had a direct negative effect on adherence to unhealthy diets.

Abstract Objectives: To contribute to a better understanding of the maternal genetic mechanisms that influence obstetric outcomes and that are involved in maternal and child health, this study aimed to evaluate the association between maternal genetic variants and the offspring birth weight by analyzing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to glucose homeostasis. Methods: Three polymorphisms were analyzed (GCK rs1799884, TCF7L2 rs7903146 and LEPR rs1137101) in 250 pregnant women who participated in a Brazilian prospective cohort study. Genotyping was performed by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) using pre-designed TaqMan® SNP genotyping assays. Vitamin D dosage was performed by chemiluminescence. Variance, Pearson's chi-square test and multiple linear regression were used for the statistical analysis. Results: It was possible to verify a significant association between birth weight and maternal GCK rs1799884 when obstetric outcomes, clinical and anthropometric characteristics were taken into consideration. The children of homozygous women for the minor allele GCK rs1799884 presented lower birth weight (β = -335.25, 95% CI = -669.39; -1.17, p = 0.04). Furthermore, a direct link between a leptin receptor variant and gestational duration was found (p = 0.037). Conclusion: The variant GCK rs1799884 (mm) was associated with a reduction in newborn weight in the miscegenated Brazilian population.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar os fatores socioeconômicos e de assistência nutricional de gestantes beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família que foram atendidas em serviço de pré-natal em município do Recôncavo da Bahia. Estudo transversal realizado com 250 gestantes do serviço de pré-natal em 16 Unidades de Saúde da Família, de agosto de 2013 a dezembro de 2014. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se questionário fechado envolvendo informações socioeconômicas, antropométricas e de saúde da gestante. Identificou-se que a média de idade das gestantes foi de 28,3 anos, das quais 85,2% estudaram até o ensino médio, 72,4% das gestantes afirmaram possuir renda menor ou igual a dois salários mínimos, com uma média de 1.036,3 reais, e 26,8% declararam receber o benefício. Observou-se que 40% encontravam-se com Índice de Massa Corporal pré-gestacional de excesso de peso, 38% apresentaram um ganho de peso adequado para Idade Gestacional; 90,57% realizaram mais de 7 consultas, e 75,6% relataram que fizeram uso de bebida alcoólica ou pararam na gestação. O Programa Bolsa Família, enquanto uma estratégia integrada de inclusão social e de desenvolvimento econômico, parece exercer efeito protetor na saúde nutricional das gestantes do município.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the socioeconomic and nutritional assistance factors of pregnant women who are beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program and were attended at a prenatal service in the city of Recôncavo da Bahia. A cohort study was conducted with 250 pregnant women from the prenatal service in 16 Family Health Units from August 2013 to December 2014. A structured and previously tested questionnaire was used to collect data. Socioeconomic and nutritional variables were used. It was identified that the average age was 28.3 years, of these, 85.2% studied until high school, 72.4% of pregnant women reported having income less than or equal to two minimum wages, with a mean of 1,036.3 and 26.8% reported receiving the benefit. It was observed that 40% had a pre-gestational Body Mass Index of overweight, 38% presented adequate weight gain for Gestational Age; 90.57% performed more than 7 consultations and 75.6% reported that they made use of alcoholic beverages or stopped in the gestation. The Bolsa Família Program as an integrated strategy for social inclusion and economic development seems to have a protective effect on the nutritional health of pregnant women in the municipality.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar os fatores socioeconômicos e de assistência nutricional de gestantes beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família que foram atendidas em serviço de pré-natal em município do Recôncavo da Bahia. Estudo transversal realizado com 250 gestantes do serviço de pré-natal em 16 Unidades de Saúde da Família, de agosto de 2013 a dezembro de 2014. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se questionário fechado envolvendo informações socioeconômicas, antropométricas e de saúde da gestante. Identificou-se que a média de idade das gestantes foi de 28,3 anos, das quais 85,2% estudaram até o ensino médio, 72,4% das gestantes afirmaram possuir renda menor ou igual a dois salários mínimos, com uma média de 1.036,3 reais, e 26,8% declararam receber o benefício. Observou-se que 40% encontravam-se com Índice de Massa Corporal pré-gestacional de excesso de peso, 38% apresentaram um ganho de peso adequado para Idade Gestacional; 90,57% realizaram mais de 7 consultas, e 75,6% relataram que fizeram uso de bebida alcoólica ou pararam na gestação. O Programa Bolsa Família, enquanto uma estratégia integrada de inclusão social e de desenvolvimento econômico, parece exercer efeito protetor na saúde nutricional das gestantes do município.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the socioeconomic and nutritional assistance factors of pregnant women who are beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program and were attended at a prenatal service in the city of Recôncavo da Bahia. A cohort study was conducted with 250 pregnant women from the prenatal service in 16 Family Health Units from August 2013 to December 2014. A structured and previously tested questionnaire was used to collect data. Socioeconomic and nutritional variables were used. It was identified that the average age was 28.3 years, of these, 85.2% studied until high school, 72.4% of pregnant women reported having income less than or equal to two minimum wages, with a mean of 1,036.3 and 26.8% reported receiving the benefit. It was observed that 40% had a pre-gestational Body Mass Index of overweight, 38% presented adequate weight gain for Gestational Age; 90.57% performed more than 7 consultations and 75.6% reported that they made use of alcoholic beverages or stopped in the gestation. The Bolsa Família Program as an integrated strategy for social inclusion and economic development seems to have a protective effect on the nutritional health of pregnant women in the municipality.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a associação entre ganho ponderal na gestação e o peso de recém-nascidos em um município do Recôncavo Baiano. Métodos: trata-se de uma coorte prospectiva (Coorte NISAMI), conduzida com 185 gestantes residentes na zona urbana do município de Santo Antônio de Jesus, captadas no serviço de pré-natal das Unidades de Saúde da Família, entre abril de 2012 a junho de 2013. O IMC pré-gestacional e do terceiro trimestre da gestação foram utilizados para avaliar o estado antropométrico materno. Os dados de peso ao nascer foram coletados da Vigilância Epidemiológica do município. Utilizou-se o software Stata 12.0 para as análises estatísticas. Empregou-se análise de regressão logística para avaliar a associação. Resultados: das 185 mulheres, 33,5% apresentaram ganho ponderal inadequado ao longo da gestação. A prevalência de peso inadequado ao nascer foi de 20% (peso ao nascer ≤2.999g e ≥ 4.000 g). Observou-se que o ganho de peso inadequado no período gestacional é considerado fator constrangedor do peso ao nascer (OR= 2,6; IC95%= 1,5-3,5; ajustado pelas variáveis: consumo de bebida alcoólica, duração da gestação e intercorrências gestacionais. Conclusão: o resultado desta investigação sugere que o ganho de peso ao longo da gestação exerce influência no peso do concepto indicando necessidade de intervenções nutricionais em todos os trimestres da gestação, promovendo um ganho ponderal saudável em todo ciclo gestacional.

Abstract Objectives: this study aims to evaluate the association between gestational weight gain and the weight of newborns from one municipality in Recôncavo Baiano region. Methods: this is a prospective cohort (NISAMI Cohort), conducted with 185 pregnant women living in the urban area of the municipality of Santo Antônio de Jesus, using the prenatal service of the Family Health Units, between April 2012 and June 2013. The pregestationalBMI and the third trimester of pregnancy were used to assess maternal anthropometric status.Birth weight data were collected from the Epidemiological Surveillance of the municipality. Stata 12.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate to assess the association. Results: among the 185 women evaluated, 33.5% presented inadequate weight gain during pregnancy. The prevalence of inadequate birth weight was 20% (birth weight ≤ 2.999g and ≥ 4.000 g). It was observed that inadequate weight gain during pregnancy is considered an embarrassing factor for birth weight (OR= 2.6; CI95%= 1.5-3.5); adjusted for the following variables: alcohol consumption, duration of pregnancy, and gestational complications. Conclusion: the research results suggest that weight gain throughout pregnancy influences the weight of the conceptus, indicating the need for nutritional interventions in all trimesters of pregnancy, promoting a healthy weight gain throughout the gestational cycle.

RESUMO Objetivou-se determinar a população de coliformes totais e de Escherichia coli e identificar os genes de virulência iss e iutA nas cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas de celulites em carcaças de frangos em um abatedouro. No periodo de agosto de 2013 a janeiro de 2014 foram coletadas 100 lesões de celulite, sendo verificada a população de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli, pelo método rápido de contagem Petrifilm™ (AOAC 998.8). As amostras de Escherichia coli foram analisadas para verificar a presença dos genes iss e iutA, utilizando a técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Houve a presença de coliformes totais em 96,0 % (96/100) das amostras analisadas, com a população entre 3,4 a 9,5 log UFC/g. Constatou-se também a presença de Escherichia coli em 82,0 % (82/100) das amostras de celulite, com população entre <1,0 e 9,0 log UFC/g. O gene iss foi encontrado em 89,0 % dos isolados e o gene iutA em 97,6 %. As populações elevadas de coliformes totais e de Escherichia coli nas amostras de celulite indicam que falhas higiênico-sanitárias podem ter ocorrido na produção dos frangos de corte. Considerando a prevalência elevada dos genes de virulência pesquisados, característicos de Escherichia coli Patogênica para Aves (APEC) e o possível caráter zoonótico deste patotipo, é importante ressaltar a necessidade da adoção das Boas Práticas de Fabricação, Procedimentos Padrão de Higiene Operacional e da Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle nos abatedouros, para garantir a inocuidade do produto final.

SUMMARY Current study determines the population of total coliforms and Escherichia coli and identifies iss and iutA virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from cellulitis in poultry carcasses retrieved from a slaughterhouse. One hundred cellulitis lesions were collected between August 2013 and January 2014. The population of total coliforms and Escherichia coli was verified by Petrifilm™ rapid counting method (AOAC 998.8). Escherichia coli samples were analyzed for iss and iutA genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Total coliforms were present in 96.0% (96/100) of the analyzed samples, with a population between 3.4 and 9.5 log CFU/g. Escherichia coli was present in 82.0% (82/100) of cellulitis samples and the population ranged between <1.0 and 9.0 log CFU/g. The iss gene was found in 89.0% of isolates and the iutA gene in 97.6%. High populations of total coliforms and Escherichiacoli in cellulitis samples indicate that hygienic-sanitary failures may have occurred in the production of broilers. When high prevalence of virulence genes under analysis, characteristic of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and possible zoonotic character of the pathotype are taken into account, it is important to highlight the need to adopt Good Manufacturing Practices, Standard Procedures of Operational Hygiene and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points in poultry slaughterhouses to ensure the safety of the final product.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se verificar a qualidade microbiológica das águas destinadas ao cultivo de ostra da Baía do Iguape, Bahia, e sua correlação com os fatores ambientais e variações de maré. Foram coletadas 36 amostras de água superficial de três viveiros de cultivo, totalizando 12 coletas. A população de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes foi determinada por meio da técnica de tubos múltiplos - Número Mais Provável (NMP.100 mL-1). Foram estabelecidas como variáveis ambientais pH, temperatura, salinidade, turbidez, precipitação pluviométrica e maré. Observou-se que a população de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes nos três viveiros monitorados variou de <1,8 a 1.600 NMP.100 mL-1 e <1,8 a 350 NMP.100 mL-1, respectivamente, constatando-se que os viveiros apresentam boa qualidade microbiológica da água superficial. Quanto à influencia dos fatores ambientais na densidade microbiana, foi obtida uma correlação positiva quanto à precipitação pluviométrica e negativa para temperatura e turbidez. Considerando os dados do presente estudo, verifica-se que a população de coliformes aumentou nos meses mais chuvosos e em maré de sizígia. É necessário realizar o monitoramento microbiológico e ambiental de águas destinadas à aquicultura por favorecer a produção segura e sustentável de ostra, uma vez que os parâmetros de qualidade podem sofrer influências climáticas e variações temporais.

ABSTRACT: The objective was to verify the microbiological quality of water used in oyster cultivation in Iguape Bay, Bahia, and its correlation with environmental factors and tidal variations. Thirty six samples of surface water were collected from three oyster cultivation areas, totalizing 12 collections. The concentrations of total and thermotolerant coliforms were determined using the multiple tube test - Most Probable Number (MPN.100 mL-1). The environmental variables assessed in the water samples were: pH, temperature, salinity, turbidity, rainfall and tidal. Total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms MPN values ranged from <1.8 to 1,600 MPN.100 mL-1 and from <1.8 to 350 MPN.100 mL-1, respectively. The oyster cultivation areas presented good microbiological quality of surface water. The influence of environmental factors on microbial density was obtained as a positive correlation with rainfall and negative correlation with temperature and turbidity. Considering the data from this study, there was an increase of the population of coliforms in the rainy season and spring tide. Thus, it is necessary to carry out microbiological and environmental monitoring of water intended for aquaculture because it promotes safe and sustainable production of oyster, since the quality parameters can suffer weather influences and seasonal variations.

This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the dietary patterns of 125 nutrition students in 2011, from public university in Bahia State, Brazil. The students answered a structured and validated questionnaire for this specific group that addressed socioeconomic and health aspects, family Information, and food consumption. Dietary patterns were determined using factor analysis by principal components analysis. The mean age was 22.3 (SD: 3.75) years old. The majority (88%) of students were female. In relation to the dietary patterns of the students, 4 groups were identified and these patterns explained 59.8% of the total dietary variability. The pattern number 1, entitled "Traditional", consisted ofroots/tubers, legumes, dairyproducts, meat and eggs, fruit/natural juice and vegetables, and explained 21.53% of the variability of food consumption. Pattern 2, labeled "Exam Days" was made up of breads/cereals, sausages and artificial beverage accounted for 13.85% of the variability of food consumption. Pattern 3, entitled "End of Semester" was characterized predo-minantly by candy/sugar and snacks and represented 13.39% of the variability of food consumption. Pattern 4, labeled "Anxiety" which was made up of coffee/tea and fats, explained 11.08% of the variation of food consumption. It was observed that 38.1% of the students have inadequate food consumption because they are monotonous, and poor sources of fiber and vitamins.

Estudio transversal que tuvo por objetivo identificar los patrones alimentarios de 125 estudiantes de nutrición de una universidad pública del estado de Bahía, Brasil en el 2011. Los estudiantes respondieron un cuestionario validado para frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Se empleo análisis factoriales para los componentes principales con el fin de identificar los principales patrones alimentarios de esos estudiantes. La media de edad fue de 22,3 años (DP=3,75). En relación a los patrones alimentarios fueron identificados cuatro patrones de consumo alimentario que explican 59,8% de la variabilidad total de la dieta. El patrón 1, nombrado "tradicional", compuesto por tubérculos, leguminosas, derivados lácteos, carnes e huevos, frutas en jugo/natural y hortalizas explicó 21,53% de la variabilidad; el patrón 2, nombrado "Días de prueba" integrado por panes/cereales, bebidas artificiales y embutidos respondió 13,85% de la variabilidad; el patrón 3, "Final de Semestre" fueron predominantes los dulces/azúcar y aperitivos este representó 13,39% de la variabilidad del consumo de alimentos: y el patrón 4 "Ansiedad" compuesto por café/te y grasas explicó 11,08% de la variación. Se observó que 38,1% de la variación del consumo de alimentos es representado por patrones de consumo de alimentos considerados inadecuados, pues son monótonos y pobres en fibra y vitaminas.

Introduction: the nutritional panorama in Brazil indicates that the dietary patterns of the population is characterized by the increasing inclusion of saturated and trans fats, sodium, sugars, soft drinks. This epidemiological and nutritional challenges reflects in the patterns of illness and death. Objective: this study aims to identify patterns of food consumption and dietary changes in the first and third trimester of pregnancy. Methodology: this is a prospective cohort study involving 185 pregnant women in the State of Bahia, from 2012 to 2013. We used a food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary intakes. To identify the dietary pattern, the principal components factor analysis was adopted. We used the Pearson correlation test to identify the correlation between the patterns extracted in each trimester. Results: four patterns of food consumption during pregnancy were identified. We observed changes in the eating patterns over the trimesters evaluated, especially for the food groups of fruit, coffee, fats, fried snacks, sugar and sweets. Discussion: these dietary changes throughout the pregnancy accompany the physiological changes of each period of the pregnancy. In the first trimester, symptoms of nausea and vomiting are common, whereas in the same period cravings is reported, which may justify the consumption of a larger quantity of food deemed unhealthy. Conclusion: it was observed that there were changes in the adoption of dietary pattern throughout the evaluated trimesters of pregnancy, especially for the groups of fruit, coffee, fats, fried snacks and sugar and sweets.

Introducción: las perspectivas de crecimiento en Brasil indican que los patrones dietéticos de la población se caracterizan por el aumento del consumo de grasas saturadas y trans, sodio, azúcares y refrescos. Este punto de vista epidemiológico y nutricional refleja el cambio en el patrón de la enfermedad y la muerte. Objetivo: este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los patrones de consumo de alimentos y los cambios en la dieta en el primer y tercer trimestres del embarazo. Metodología: se trata de un estudio de cohorte prospectivo de 185 mujeres embarazadas del Estado de Bahía, a partir de 2012 a 2013. Se utilizó el cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos para evaluar la ingesta alimentaria. Para identificar la norma alimentaria se adoptó el análisis factorial de componentes principales. Se utilizó la prueba de correlación de Pearson para identificar la correlación entre los patrones extraídos en cada trimestre. Resultados: se identificaron cuatro patrones de consumo de alimentos durante el embarazo. Hemos observado cambios en los patrones de alimentación durante los trimestres evaluados, especialmente para los grupos de frutas, café, grasas, frituras, azúcar y dulces. Discusión: estos cambios en la dieta durante el embarazo acompañan a los cambios fisiológicos de cada embarazo. En el primer trimestre son síntomas comunes las náuseas y los vómitos; por otro lado, también se manifiesta antojos en el mismo periodo, lo cual puede justificar el consumo de mayor cantidad de alimentos considerados saludables. Conclusion: se observaron cambios en el patrón alimentario a lo largo de los diversos trimestres del embarazo examinados, especialmente para los grupos de frutas, café, grasas, frituras, azúcar y dulces.